- Артикул:00-01050816
- Автор: D.A. Bies, C.H. Hansen
- Обложка: Твердая обложка
- Издательство: Taylor & Francis Group (все книги издательства)
- Город: London and New York
- Страниц: 768
- Год: 2009
- Вес: 2065 г
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Книга на английском языке.
The practice of engineering noise control demands a solid understanding of the fundamentals of acoustics, the practical application of current noise control technology and the underlying theoretical concepts. This fully revised and updated fourth edition provides a comprehensive explanation of these key areas clearly, yet without oversimplification.
Written by experts of their field, the practical focus echoes advances in the discipline, reflected in the fourth edition’s new material, including:
- completely updated coverage of sound transmission loss, mufflers and exhaust stack directivity
- a new chapter on practical numerical acoustics
- thorough explanation of the latest instruments for measurements and analysis.
Essential reading for advanced students or those already well versed in the art and science of noise control, this distinctive text can be used to solve real world problems encountered by noise and vibration consultants as well as engineers and occupational hygienists.
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Fundamentals And Basic Terminology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Noise-Control Strategies
1.2.1 Sound Source Modification
1.2.2 Control of the Transmission Path
1.2.3 Modification of the Receiver
1.2.4 Existing Facilities
1.2.5 Facilities in the Design Stage
1.2.6 Airborne versus Structure-borne Noise
1.3 acoustic field variables
1.3.1 Variables
1.3.2 The Acoustic Field
1.3.3 Magnitudes
1.3.4 The Speed of Sound
1.3.5 Dispersion
1.3.6 Acoustic Potential Function
1.4 wave equation
1.4.1 Plane and Spherical Waves
1.4.2 Plane Wave Propagation
1.4.3 Spherical Wave Propagation
1.4.4 Wave Summation
1.4.5 Plane Standing Waves
1.4.6 Spherical Standing Waves
1.5 mean square quantities
1.6 energy density
1.7 sound intensity
1.7.1 Definitions
1.7.2 Plane Wave and Far Field Intensity
1.7.3 Spherical Wave Intensity
1.8 Sound Power
1.9 Units
1.10 Spectra
1.10.1 Frequency Analysis
1.11 Combining Sound Pressures
1.11.1 Coherent and Incoherent Sounds
1.11.2 Addition of Coherent Sound Pressures
1.11.3 Beating
1.11.4 Addition of Incoherent Sounds (Logarithmic Addition)
1.11.5 Subtraction of Sound Pressure Levels
1.11.6 Combining Level Reductions
1.12 Impedance
1.12.1 Mechanical Impedance, Zm
1.12.2 Specific Acoustic Impedance, Zs
1.12.3 Acoustic Impedance, ZA
1.13 Flow Resistance
Chapter 2 The Human Ear
2.1 Brief Description Of The Ear
2.1.1 External Ear
2.1.2 Middle Ear
2.1.3 Inner Ear
2.1.4 Cochlear Duct or Partition
2.1.5 Hair Cells
2.1.6 Neural Encoding
2.1.7 Linear Array of Uncoupled Oscillators
2.2 Mechanical Properties Of The Central Partition
2.2.1 Basilar Membrane Travelling Wave
2.2.2 Energy Transport and Group Speed
2.2.3 Undamping
2.2.4 The Half Octave Shift
2.2.5 Frequency Response
2.2.6 Critical Frequency Band
2.2.7 Frequency Resolution
2.3 Noise Induced Hearing Loss
2.4 Subjective Response To Sound Pressure Level
2.4.1 Masking
2.4.2 Loudness
2.4.3 Comparative Loudness and the Phon
2.4.4 Relative Loudness and the Sone
2.4.5 Pitch
Chapter 3 Instrumentation For Noise Measurement And
Analysis
3.1 Microphones
3.1.1 Condenser Microphone
3.1.2 Piezoelectric Microphone
3.1.3 Pressure Response
3.1.4 Microphone Sensitivity
3.1.5 Field Effects and Calibration
3.1.6 Microphone Accuracy
3.2 Weighting Networks
3.3 Sound Level Meters
3.4 Classes Of Sound Level Meter
3.5 Sound Level Meter Calibration
3.5.1 Electrical Calibration
3.5.2 Acoustic Calibration
3.5.3 Measurement Accuracy
3.6 Noise Measurements Using Sound Level Meters
3.6.1 Microphone Mishandling
3.6.2 Sound Level Meter Amplifier Mishandling
3.6.3 Microphone and Sound Level Meter Response Characteristics
3.6.4 Background Noise
3.6.5 Wind Noise
3.6.6 Temperature
3.6.7 Humidity and Dust
3.6.8 Reflections from Nearby Surfaces
3.7 Time-Varying Sound
3.8 Noise Level Measurement
3.9 Data Loggers
3.10 Personal Sound Exposure Meter
3.11 Recording Of Noise
3.12 Spectrum Analysers
3.13 Intensity Meters
3.13.1 Sound Intensity by the pBu Method
3.13.2 Sound Intensity by the pBp Method
3.13.3 Frequency Decomposition of the Intensity
3.14 Energy Density Sensors
3.15 Sound Source Localisation
3.15.1 Nearfield Acoustic Holography (NAH)
3.15.2 Statistically Optimised Nearfield Acoustic Holography (SONAH)
3.15.3 Helmholtz Equation Least Squares Method (HELS)
3.15.4 Beamforming
3.15.5 Direct Sound Intensity measurement
Chapter 4 Criteria
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Noise Measures
4.2 HEARING LOSS
4.2.1 Threshold Shift
4.2.2 Presbyacusis
4.2.3 Hearing Damage
4.3 Hearing Damage Risk
4.3.1 Requirements for Speech Recognition
4.3.2 Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk
4.3.3 International Standards Organisation Formulation
4.3.4 Alternative Formulations
4.3.5 Observed Hearing Loss
4.3.6 Some Alternative Interpretations
4.4 Hearing Damage Risk Criteria
4.4.1 Continuous Noise
4.4.2 Impulse Noise
4.4.3 Impact Noise
4.5 Implementing A Hearing Conservation Program
4.6 Speech Interference Criteria
4.6.1 Broadband Background Noise
4.6.2 Intense Tones
4.7 Psychological Effects Of Noise
4.7.1 Noise as a Cause of Stress
4.7.2 Effect on Behaviour and Work Efficiency
4.8 Ambient Noise Level Specification
4.8.1 Noise Weighting Curves
4.8.2 Comparison of Noise Weighting Curves with dB(A) Specifications
4.8.3 Speech Privacy
4.9 Environmental Noise Level Criteria
4.9.1 A-weighting Criteria
4.10 Environmental Noise Surveys
4.10.1 Measurement Locations
4.10.2 Duration of the Measurement Survey
4.10.3 Measurement Parameters
4.10.4 Noise Impact
Chapter 5 Sound Sources And Outdoor Sound
Propagation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Simple Source
5.2.1 Pulsating Sphere
5.2.2 Fluid Mechanical Monopole Source
5.3 Dipole Source
5.3.1 Pulsating Doublet or Dipole (Far-field Approximation)
5.3.2 Pulsating Doublet or Dipole (Near-field)
5.3.3 Oscillating Sphere
5.3.4 Fluid Mechanical Dipole Source
5.4 Quadrupole Source (Far-Field Approximation)
5.4.1 Lateral Quadrupole
5.4.2 Longitudinal Quadrupole
5.4.3 Fluid Mechanical Quadrupole Source
5.5 Line Source
5.5.1 Infinite Line Source
5.5.2 Finite Line Source
5.6 Piston In An Infinite Baffle
5.6.1 Far Field
5.6.2 Near Field On-axis
5.6.3 Radiation Load of the Near Field
5.7 Incoherent Plane Radiator
5.7.1 Single Wall
5.7.2 Several Walls of a Building or Enclosure
5.8 Directivity
5.9 Reflection Effects
5.9.1 Simple Source Near a Reflecting Surface
5.9.2 Observer Near a Reflecting Surface
5.9.3 Observer and Source Both Close to a Reflecting Surface
5.10 Reflection And Transmission At A Plane / Two Media Interface
5.10.1 Porous Earth
5.10.2 Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission
5.10.3 Spherical Wave Reflection at a Plane Interface
5.10.4 Effects of Turbulence
5.11 Sound Propagation Outdoors, General Concepts
5.11.1 Methodology
5.11.2 Limits to Accuracy of Prediction
5.11.3 Outdoor Sound Propagation Prediction Schemes
5.11.4 Geometrical Spreading, K
5.11.5 Directivity Index, DIM
5.11.6 Excess Attenuation Factor, AE
5.11.7 Air Absorption, Aa
5.11.8 Shielding by Barriers, Houses and Process Equipment/Industrial Buildings, Abhp
5.11.10 Ground Effects
5.11.11 Image Inversion and Increased Attenuation at Large Distance
5.11.12 Meteorological Effects
5.11.13 Combined Excess Attenuation Model
5.11.14 Accuracy of Outdoor Sound Predictions
Chapter 6 Sound Power, Its Use And Measurement
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Radiation Impedance
6.3 Relation Between Sound Power And Sound Pressure
6.4 Radiation Field Of A Sound Source
6.4.1 Free-field Simulation in an Anechoic Room
6.4.2 Sound Field Produced in an Enclosure
6.5 Determination Of Sound Power Using Intensity Measurements
6.6 Determination Of Sound Power Using Conventional Pressure Measurements
6.6.1 Measurement in Free or Semi-free Field
6.6.2 Measurement in a Diffuse Field
6.6.3 Field Measurement
6.7 Determination Of Sound Power Using Surface Vibration Measurements
6.8 Some Uses Of Sound Power Information
6.8.1 The Far Free Field
6.8.2 The Near Free Field
Chapter 7 Sound In Enclosed Spaces
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Wall-interior Modal Coupling
7.1.2 Sabine Rooms
7.1.3 Flat and Long Rooms
7.2 Low Frequencies
7.2.1 Rectangular rooms
7.2.2 Cylindrical Rooms
7.3 Bound Between Low-Frequency And High-Frequency Behaviour
7.3.1 Modal Density
7.3.2 Modal Damping and Bandwidth
7.3.3 Modal Overlap
7.3.4 Cross-over Frequency
7.4 High Frequencies, Statistical Analysis
7.4.1 Effective Intensity in a Diffuse Field
7.4.2 Energy Absorption at Boundaries
7.4.3 Air Absorption
7.4.4 Steady-state Response
7.5 Transient Response
7.5.1 Classical Description
7.5.2 Modal Description
7.5.3 Empirical Description
7.5.4 Mean Free Path
7.6 Measurement Of The Room Constant
7.6.1 Reference Sound Source Method
7.6.2 Reverberation Time Method
7.7 Porous Sound Absorbers
7.7.1 Measurement of Absorption Coefficients
7.7.2 Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)
7.7.3 Porous Liners
7.7.4 Porous Liners with Perforated Panel Facings
7.7.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients of Materials in Combination
7.8 Panel Sound Absorbers
7.8.1 Empirical Method
7.8.2 Analytical Method
7.9 Flat And Long Rooms
7.9.1 Flat Room with Specularly Reflecting Floor and Ceiling
7.9.2 Flat Room with Diffusely Reflecting Floor and Ceiling
7.9.3 Flat Room with Specularly and Diffusely Reflecting Boundaries
7.9.4 Long Room with Specularly Reflecting Walls
7.9.5 Long Room with Circular Cross-section and Diffusely Reflecting Wall
7.9.6 Long Room with Rectangular Cross-section
7.10 Applications Of Sound Absorption
7.10.1 Relative Importance of the Reverberant Field
7.10.2 Reverberation Control
7.11 Auditorium Design
7.11.1 Reverberation Time
7.11.2 Early Decay Time (EDT)
7.11.3 Clarity (C 80)
7.11.4 Envelopment
7.11.5 Interaural Cross Correlation Coefficient, IACC
7.11.6 Background Noise Level
7.11.7 Total Sound Level or Loudness, G
7.11.8 Diffusion
7.11.9 Speech Intelligibility
7.11.10 Sound Reinforcement
7.11.11 Estimation of Parameters for Occupied Concert Halls
7.11.12 Optimum Volumes for Auditoria
Chapter 8 Partitions, Enclosures And Barriers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sound Transmission Through Partitions
8.2.1 Bending Waves
8.2.2 Transmission Loss
8.2.3 Impact Isolation
8.2.4 Panel Transmission Loss (or Sound Reduction Index) Behaviour
8.2.5 Sandwich Panels
8.2.6 Double Wall Transmission Loss
8.2.7 Multi-leaf and Composite Panels
8.2.8 Triple Wall Sound Transmission Loss
8.2.9 Common Building Materials
8.2.10 Sound-absorptive Linings
8.3 Noise Reduction vs Transmission Loss
8.3.1 Composite Transmission Loss
8.3.2 Flanking Transmission Loss
8.4 Enclosures
8.4.1 Noise Inside Enclosures
8.4.2 Noise Outside Enclosures
8.4.3 Personnel Enclosures
8.4.4 Enclosure Windows
8.4.5 Enclosure Leakages
8.4.6 Access and Ventilation
8.4.7 Enclosure Vibration Isolation
8.4.8 Enclosure Resonances
8.4.9 Close-fitting Enclosures
8.4.10 Partial Enclosures
8.5 Barriers
8.5.1 Diffraction at the Edge of a Thin Sheet
8.5.2 Outdoor Barriers
8.5.3 Indoor Barriers
8.6 Pipe Lagging
8.6.1 Porous Material Lagging
8.6.2 Impermeable Jacket and Porous Blanket Lagging
Chapter 9 Muffling Devices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Measures Of Performance
9.3 Diffusers As Muffling Devices
9.4 Classification Of Muffling Devices
9.5 Acoustic Impedance
9.6 Lumped Element Devices
9.6.1 Impedance of an Orifice or a Short Narrow Duct
9.7 Reactive Devices
9.7.1 Acoustical Analogs of Kirchhoff's Laws
9.7.2 Side Branch Resonator
9.7.3 Resonator Mufflers
9.7.4 Expansion Chamber
9.7.5 Small Engine Exhaust
9.7.6 Lowpass Filter
9.7.7 Pressure Drop Calculations for Reactive Muffling Devices
9.7.8 Flow-generated Noise
9.8 Lined Ducts
9.8.1 Locally Reacting and Bulk Reacting Liners
9.8.2 Liner Specification
9.8.3 Lined Duct Silencers
9.8.4 Cross-sectional Discontinuities
9.8.5 Pressure Drop Calculations for Dissipative Mufflers
9.9 Duct Bends Or Elbows
9.10 Unlined Ducts
9.11 Effect Of Duct End Reflections
9.12 Duct Break-Out Noise
9.12.1 Break-out Sound Transmission
9.12.2 Break-in Sound Transmission
9.13 Lined Plenum Attenuator
9.13.1 Wells’ Method
9.13.2 ASHRAE Method
9.13.3 More Complex Methods (Cummings and Ih)
9.14 Water Injection
9.15 Directivity Of Exhaust Ducts
Chapter 10 Vibration Control
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Vibration Isolation
10.2.1 Single-degree-of-freedom Systems
10.2.2 Four-isolator Systems
10.2.3 Two-stage Vibration Isolation
10.2.4 Practical Isolator Considerations
10.3 Types Of Isolators
10.3.1 Rubber
10.3.2 Metal Springs
10.3.3 Cork
10.3.4 Felt
10.3.5 Air Springs
10.4 Vibration Absorbers
10.5 Vibration Neutralisers
10.6 Vibration Measurement
10.6.1 Acceleration Transducers
10.6.2 Velocity Transducers
10.6.3 Laser Vibrometers
10.6.4 Instrumentation Systems
10.6.5 Units of Vibration
10.7 Damping Of Vibrating Surfaces
10.7.1 When Damping is Effective and Ineffective
10.7.2 Damping Methods
10.8 Measurement Of Damping
Chapter 11 Sound Power And Sound Pressure Level Estimation Procedures
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fan Noise
11.3 Air Compressors
11.3.1 Small Compressors
11.3.2 Large Compressors (Noise Levels within the Inlet and Exit Piping)
11.3.3 Large Compressors (Exterior Noise Levels)
11.4 Compressors For Chillers And Refrigeration Units
11.5 Cooling Towers
11.6 Pumps
11.7 Jets
11.7.1 General Estimation Procedures
11.7.2 Gas and Steam Vents
11.7.3 General Jet Noise Control
11.8 Control Valves
11.8.1 Internal Sound Power Generation
11.8.2 Internal Sound Pressure Level
11.8.3 External Sound Pressure Level
11.8.4 High Exit Velocities
11.8.5 Control Valve Noise Reduction
11.8.6 Control Valves for Liquids
11.8.7 Control Valves for Steam
11.9 Pipe Flow
11.10 Boilers
11.11 Turbines
11.12 Diesel And Gas-Driven Engines
11.12.1 Exhaust Noise
11.12.2 Casing Noise
11.12.3 Inlet Noise
11.13 Furnace Noise
11.14 Electric Motors
11.14.1 Small Electric Motors (below 300 kW)
11.14.2 Large Electric Motors (above 300 kW)
11.15 Generators
11.16 Transformers
11.17 Gears
11.18 Transportation Noise
11.18.1 Road Traffic Noise
11.18.1.1 UK DoT model (CoRTN)
11.18.1.2 United States FHWA Traffic Noise Model (TNM)
11.18.1.3 Other Models
11.18.2 Rail Traffic Noise
11.18.3 Aircraft Noise
Chapter 12 Practical Numerical Acoustics by Carl Howard
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Low-Frequency Region
12.2.1 Helmholtz Method
12.2.2 Boundary Element Method (BEM)
12.2.3 Rayleigh Integral Method
12.2.4 Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
12.2.5 Numerical Modal Analysis
12.2.6 Modal Coupling using MATLAB
12.3 High-Frequency Region: Statistical Energy Analysis
12.3.1 Coupling Loss Factors
12.3.2 Amplitude Responses
Appendix A Wave Equation Derivation
A.1 Conservation Of Mass
A.2 Euler's Equation
A.3 Equation Of State
A.4 Wave Equation (Linearised)
Appendix B Properties Of Materials
Appendix C Acoustical Properties Of Porous Materials
C.L Flow Resistance And Resistivity
C.2 Sound Propagation In Porous Media
C.3 Sound Reduction Due To Propagation Through A Porous Material
C.4 Measurement And Calculation Of Absorption Coefficients
C.4.1 Porous Materials with a Backing Cavity
C.4.2 Multiple Layers of Porous Liner backed by an Impedance ZL
C.4.3 Porous Liner Covered with a Limp Impervious Layer
C.4.4 Porous Liner Covered with a Perforated Sheet
C.4.5 Porous Liner Covered with a Limp Impervious Layer and a Perforated Sheet
Appendix D Frequency Analysis
D.1 Digital Filtering
D.2 Discrete Fourier Analysis
D.2.1 Power Spectrum
D.2.2 Sampling Frequency and Aliasing
D.2.3 Uncertainty Principle
D.2.4 Real-time Frequency
D.2.5 Weighting Functions
D.2.6 Zoom Analysis
D.3 Important Functions
D.3.1 Cross-spectrum
D.3.2 Coherence
D.3.3 Frequency Response (or Transfer) Function
References
List of acoustical standards
Index
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